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Types of Vaccine

 

Types of Vaccines: -

Vaccines are of many types some are these

Ø  Killed/Inactivated Vaccine: -

                            In this type Pathogen is killed, usually through a chemical process such as formalin. Evokes a robust immune response that mimics most of the responses seen during infection for examples typhoid vaccine, Salk polio vaccine, Hepatitis A vaccine.

Ø  Conjugate Vaccine: -

                             Poorer antigens (such as bacterial polysaccharides) are chemically linked to a carrier protein. The addition of other proteins (via conjugation) confers the immunological attributes of the carrier to the antigen, and thus evokes a stronger immune response; an effective approach for younger children. E.g. Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine, Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Meningococcal C conjugate vaccine, Meningococcal (A, C, Y, W-135).

Ø  DNA/RNA Vaccine: -

                             Genetic material from the pathogen enters into human cells and uses the cell’s “equipment” to produce some proteins of the pathogen encoded by the genes. The immune system detects protein as a foreign or harmful antigen, produces an immune response, also will prepare a response against the whole pathogen. E.g. AIDS vaccine (in development).

Ø  Recombinant Vaccine: -

                             Defined genes are incorporated into plasmid vehicles to allow for the production of large quantities of well-defined proteins, which are then used as vaccines. An immune response can be modified and targeted by the insertion of specific genetic sequences. E.g. Hepatitis B vaccine, Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, AIDS vaccine (in development).

Ø  Subunit/acellular Vaccine: -

                             Well-defined part(s) of the organism is purified and used as an antigen (e.g. proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, inactivated toxins). A fragment of the “whole agent” of a vaccine can create an immune response. E.g. Acellular pertussis vaccine.

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